After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire, often known as the Byzantine Empire, continued the Roman Empire in its eastern regions. It existed from the fourth century to the fifteenth century, when it was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks, and its capital was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul). The Byzantine Empire was a hub of trade, culture, and thought throughout its existence, and it contributed several significant contributions to Western civilisation. This chart lists some of the most significant occasions and accomplishments of the Byzantine Empire.
| No. | Key Events | Year | Achievements | Consequences | |
| 1 | Founding of Byzantium | 660 BCE | Establishment of a Greek city-state | Later became the center of the Byzantine Empire | |
| 2 | Reign of Justinian I | 527-565 | Codification of Roman law, expansion of the empire | Restoration of the Roman Empire | |
| 3 | Iconoclasm Controversy | 726-843 | Ban on religious images and their veneration | Split in the Christian Church | |
| 4 | Conversion to Orthodoxy | 867 | Adoption of the Orthodox branch of Christianity | Cultural influence on the Slavic world | |
| 5 | The Fourth Crusade | 1204 | Sack of Constantinople, weakening of the Byzantine Empire | Fragmentation and decline of the empire | |
| 6 | Fall of Constantinople | 1453 | Conquest by the Ottoman Empire, end of the Byzantine era | Influence on the Renaissance and modern Europe | |
| 7 | Nika Riots | 532 CE | Justinian’s ability to suppress riots | Death toll estimated between 30,000 to 35,000 | |
| 8 | Construction of Hagia Sophia | 537 CE | One of the largest and most impressive churches in the world | Became a symbol of Byzantine architecture and Christianity | |
| 9 | Justinian’s Code | 529-534 CE | Compilation of Roman laws | Influenced the development of European legal systems | |
| 10 | Arab-Byzantine Wars | 634-1180 CE | Byzantine defense against Arab expansion | Weakened the empire’s resources and power | |
| 11 | Iconoclasm | 726-843 CE | Debate over the use of religious icons | Contributed to the split between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches | |
| 12 | Schism of 1054 CE | 1054 CE | Split between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches | Permanently divided Christianity into two major branches | |
| 13 | Komnenian Restoration | 1081-1185 CE | Period of stability and prosperity under the Komnenos dynasty | Revived the empire’s military and economic power | |
| 14 | Fourth Crusade | 1204 CE | Sack of Constantinople by Crusaders | Weakened the empire and paved the way for Ottoman conquest | |
| 16 | Sack of Constantinople | Apr-03 | City sacked during Fourth Crusade | Weakening of Byzantine Empire | |
| 17 | Byzantine Renaissance | 12th-15th centuries | Flourishing of art and literature | Cultural and intellectual revival | |
| 18 | Fall of Constantinople | Dec-03 | Ottoman Empire captures city | End of Byzantine Empire |
